English
These two transformation topics are pure rule-following — once you know the steps, the questions are predictable marks.
ACTIVE → PASSIVE VOICE
Steps: the object becomes the new subject → use the correct form of "be" + past participle (V3) → the old subject moves to "by + agent".
• Tense guide: Present simple → is/am/are + V3; Past simple → was/were + V3; Present continuous → is/am/are being + V3; Present perfect → has/have been + V3; Modals → modal + be + V3.
• Example: "She writes a letter." → "A letter is written by her."
DIRECT → INDIRECT SPEECH
Steps: choose the reporting verb (said to → told) → remove quotation marks, add "that" → back-shift the tense → change pronouns and time/place words.
• Tense back-shift: present → past; past → past perfect; will → would; can → could.
• Word changes: now → then, today → that day, here → there, this → that, tomorrow → the next day.
• Example: He said, "I am busy today." → He said that he was busy that day.
QUESTIONS & COMMANDS (indirect)
• Questions: use "asked/enquired", keep statement word order, no question mark.
• Commands/requests: use "ordered/requested/told … to + verb".
EXAM ANGLE: First identify the tense, then apply the fixed change. Watch the time-word and pronoun traps.
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हिंदी
ये दोनों रूपांतरण टॉपिक शुद्ध नियम-पालन हैं — चरण पता हों तो प्रश्न पक्के अंक देते हैं।
कर्तृवाच्य → कर्मवाच्य
चरण: कर्म नया कर्ता बनता है → "be" का सही रूप + भूतकालिक कृदंत (V3) → पुराना कर्ता "by + कर्ता" बन जाता है।
• काल मार्गदर्शिका: Present simple → is/am/are + V3; Past simple → was/were + V3; Present continuous → is/am/are being + V3; Present perfect → has/have been + V3; Modal → modal + be + V3।
• उदाहरण: "She writes a letter." → "A letter is written by her."
प्रत्यक्ष → अप्रत्यक्ष कथन
चरण: रिपोर्टिंग क्रिया चुनें (said to → told) → उद्धरण चिह्न हटाएँ, "that" जोड़ें → काल पीछे खिसकाएँ → सर्वनाम एवं समय/स्थान शब्द बदलें।
• काल पीछे-खिसकाव: present → past; past → past perfect; will → would; can → could।
• शब्द परिवर्तन: now → then, today → that day, here → there, this → that, tomorrow → the next day।
• उदाहरण: He said, "I am busy today." → He said that he was busy that day.
प्रश्न एवं आदेश (अप्रत्यक्ष)
• प्रश्न: "asked/enquired" प्रयोग करें, कथन शब्द-क्रम रखें, प्रश्नचिह्न नहीं।
• आदेश/अनुरोध: "ordered/requested/told … to + verb" प्रयोग करें।
परीक्षा दृष्टि: पहले काल पहचानें, फिर निश्चित परिवर्तन लागू करें। समय-शब्द एवं सर्वनाम जाल पर ध्यान दें।
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